ÿWPC= v*é#Ap±¼®’ZЬ#4ÐԱخ$[û@}¸KARzÛ×äGX×é&“P‹†Æ\Lå¹%¦5u¸Ä›JSšÖPh–ÛwÆ5bE“²æ*§¥Õ1øZŽ4’¢ÑäÞi¨Šçq¼ÈÝ8SѬc—¯Ë«he>Yµ”«¢¦w=˜™AÙ‡³àXbj€Òy90iK¥Ž ¦vQñ¿†:ýd ’™Ÿúú2›w?¦s ¢®áŸ—û¦ó¨héI{Íæ^bV9ö&LVjÖ¸±&‘8aÞÀßî×RmߘÿЙ!Ðm7S\rÛï•~ŸM^aÀ‡~†éKE|©ýg8§‰ð²!‹‘µÍ^Ž6üCÛéÃÚ?#2¢aÄ,€×¥cü*)àz±XbÒyÿcSgQð»A9B–ä©Gƒ£,–H7§´œRñ´t;ÐÀÏð 䆄ãÝ™ú49sn†ðÁ:ÏÄ€n‰É¾«Bšdø(³Æ»™,‡ÔsÂ!EƪlÔmœ$ì O{ß4„*Û©3>g 4†&O!^c&Ý%ÎÑ)®xÂàŽ"ã™ÃÔï®–I¼mßàbTwBYòäõC»ÕçLÓèG‘¯{c ÷S·úè´C¼æèmo #ÉšUNc %± 0:·^ ñwý4$ m&˜NEC SuperScript 1260,,,,,,0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ö\$¡¡ÔCEUS.,Ôy ]0 €AE0ê:i¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThursday€May€13,€2004Ð ° ÐÌWe€hear€such€terms€as€anti„oxidants,€such€as€vitamin€€E,€lipoic€acid.Ð ˆØ ÐÌWhat€do€we€mean€with€ò òoxidationó ó,€and€what€is€it€that€an€anti€oxidant€does.?Ð `° ÐÌOxidation€usually€means€the€addition€of€Oxygen€atoms.€More€generally€oxygenation€impies€thatÐ < Œ Ðelectrons€are€transferred€from€one€atom€to€another.€Ð ( x ÐÌò òA€substance€becomes€oxidized€€when€a€negative€particle,€an€electron,€€is€removed.Ð  P  Ðó óÌThe€reverse€is€true€for€reduction,€when€a€negative€particle€is€added..Ð Ø(  ÐÌAn€example€to€illustrate€this,€if€Carbon€bonds€with€Oxygen,€it€gives€up€more€than€its€share€ofÐ °  Ðelectrons.€The€result€is€that€the€carbon€atom€gets€a€positive€charge€and€is€said€to€be€oxidized.Ð œì  ÐÌThe€body€gets€ò òenergyó ó€by€the€combustion,€ò òor€oxygenation€ó óof€the€Carbon€and€Hydrogen€atoms,€Ð tÄ Ðof€Carbohydrates.€For€this€catalysts€are€required,€which€are€called€enzymes.Ð d´ ÐÌThe€Carbohydrate€which€we€call€sugar,€is€called€glucose.€Ð <Œ ÐÌProtein,€fat,€and€complex€sugars,€are€digested€to€amino€acids,€fatty€acids,€and€simple€sugars.Ð d ÐÌAn€important€word€to€remember;€Acetyl€Co€enzyme€A.Ð ì< ÐÌRemember€that€the€oxidation€of€the€Carbon€and€Hydrogen€atoms€in€the€final€analysis€end€up€byÐ Ä Ðthe€production€of€water€and€carbon€dioxide,€and€with€this€oxidation,€electrons€are€removed.€Ð ° ÐAcetyl€co€enzyme€A€is€important€in€this€process.€Vitamin€€B€5,€pantothenic€acid€is€an€importantÐ œì Ðstructure€in€acetyl€co€enzyme€A.Ð ˆØ ÐÌOur€cells€do€not€use€oxygen€the€way€most€people€think.€The€cell€lives€by€the€fact€that€energy€richÐ ` ° Ðbonds€are€obtained€from€the€gradual€combustion€of€sugars,€with€the€help€of€enzymes.€When€anÐ L!œ Ðenergy€rich€bonds€Ô_ÔareÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€released,€the€cell€is€said€to€breath,€that€is€why€these€substances€are€calledÐ 8"ˆ  Ðrespiratory€enzymes.Ð $#t! ÐÌI€mention€three€of€these€respiratory€enzymes,€all€of€which€can€deliver€energy€to€the€cell:Ð ü$L # ÐÌNicotine„€amide€adenine€dinucleotide€(Vitamin€B3€related)€NAD,€when€an€electron€is€added€toÐ Ô&$"% ÐNAD,€it€becomes€reduced€and€is€called€NADH.Ð À'#& ÐÌAdenosine€triphosphate€(ATP)€€€(Delivers€an€energy€rich€phosphate€bond,€and€becomes€ADP)Ð ˜)è$( Ðto€be€recharged€again€to€ATP€by€the€oxidation€of€the€Carbon€and€Hydrogen€Atoms€of€sugar.)€Ð „*Ô%) ÐÌReduced€Glutathione€(Contains€sulfur€groups€and€selenium).€When€it€gives€up€a€negative€particle,Ð \,¬'+ Ðand€electron,€it€is€said€to€get€oxidized,€and€as€such€becomes€glutathione.€Ð H-˜(, ÐSo€here€you€have€it.€Cells€do€not€live€on€sugar,€or€on€Oxygen.Ð ° ÐÌOxygen€and€sugar€are€used€to€charge€the€respiratory€enzymes,€which€deliver€energy€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðmitochondria,€the€power€house€of€the€cell.€When€energy€rich€bonds€are€released,€the€respiratoryÐ tÄ Ðenzymes€are€recharged€by€means€of€the€oxidation€of€carbohydrates,€ultimately€resulting€in€theÐ `° Ðformation€of€water€and€carbon€dioxide.Ð L œ ÐÌOxidation€of€sugars€goes€by€certain€pathways,€such€as€the€citric€acid,€the€pentose€phosphateÐ $ t Ðpathway,€which€words€you€may€forget.€These€pathwayððs€are€designed€so€that€only€substancesÐ  ` Ðused€to€provide€energy€for€the€cells€are€oxidized.€Image€if€you€would€oxidize€you€haemoglobinÐ ü L  Ðinto€met€„haemoglobin,€this€would€be€the€end€of€you.€Or€if€your€fatty€acid€would€go€rancid,Ð è 8  Ðanother€form€of€oxidation,€which€is€not€desired.€An€anti€oxidant€such€as€vitamin€E€would€preventÐ Ô$  Ðsuch€a€reaction.Ð À  ÐÌThe€level€of€glucose€in€blood€is€called€the€blood€sugar€level.€Insulin,€made€by€the€pancreas€rendersÐ ˜è  Ðthe€cell€membrane€receptive€to€the€passage€of€sugar€into€the€cell.€If€the€cell€membrane€becomesÐ „Ô  Ðless€reactive€to€insulin,€higher€blood€levels€of€sugar€result,€and€diabetes€develops.€There€are€aÐ pÀ Ðnumber€of€other€substances€involved€in€the€regulation€of€sugar€levels€in€the€blood,€such€as€theÐ \¬ Ðadreno€glucocorticoid,€calcitonins€from€the€pancreas,€thyroid€hormone,€cyclic€adenosineÐ H˜ Ðphosphate,€to€mention€a€few.Ð 4„ ÐÌToo€much€coffee,€chronic€habitual€stress,€smoking,€consumption€of€refined€simple€sugars,€ratherÐ  \ Ðthan€complex€carbohydrates,€leads€to€a€tired€cell€membrane€relatively€insensitive€to€insulin,€withÐ øH Ðthe€result€that€relative€higher€than€normal€blood€sugar€levels€result.€Too€much€sugar€in€the€bloodÐ ä4 Ðgives€rise€to€a€complex€chemical€process€through€which€the€structure€of€proteins€is€warped€byÐ Ð  Ðexposure€to€these€sugars.€Such€warped€structures€are€called€ò òAdvanced€Glycation€End€ó óproducts,Ð ¼  Ðor€ò òÔ_ÔAGEó ósÔ_Ô.Ð ¬ü ÐÌAn€interesting€thing,€often€overlooked,€is€that€nerve€cells,€retinal€cells€of€the€eye,€and€the€filteringÐ ˆØ Ðunits€of€the€kidney€(glomeruli)€are€not€protected€against€a€rise€in€blood€sugar.€PeripheralÐ tÄ Ðneuropathy,€kidney€damage,€and€blindness€are€some€of€the€combinations€of€diabetes,€when€sugarÐ ` ° Ðis€only€partly€metabolically€processed.€Ð L!œ ÐÌThe€key€word€is€that€these€excess€sugars€find€other€pathways,€with€substances€that€link€with€DNAÐ $#t! Ðand€proteins€to€wicket€AGE.€ò òAdvanced€Glycation€products€.€Ð $`" ÐÌSkimpy€stated:€You€are€being€caramelized!€ó óIt€is€the€same€process€by€which€food€becomesÐ ì%